Donald J. Boudreaux
– October 11, 2021 @ American Institute for Economic Research
My late Nobel-laureate colleague James Buchanan made many important contributions. Among the most significant is his proof, first offered in 1958,
that Adam Smith and other classical economists were correct to argue
that government projects that are funded with debt are ultimately paid
for by the future citizens whose taxes must be raised (or whose
government benefits must be reduced) to get the funds necessary for
repayment. (Randy Holcombe and I explain further here.) With deficit financing, today’s citizens-taxpayers impose costs on tomorrow’s citizens-taxpayers.
It’s possible, of course, that today’s citizens-taxpayers can use
deficit financing also to bestow benefits on tomorrow’s
citizens-taxpayers. If, for example, government borrows money today to
build a hydroelectric dam that will operate successfully for decades,
tomorrow’s citizens-taxpayers get not only the liability of having to
pay for this dam but also an asset in the form of the dam’s capacity to
generate electricity. But even if citizens-taxpayers tomorrow
unanimously agree that the value to them of the dam is higher than is
the amount of taxes they must pay for the dam, the inescapable reality
is that these future citizens-taxpayers are the individuals who pay for
the dam. The dam is not free, and no means of fancy financing or
accounting shenanigans can make it so.
Yet those of us who today explain that deficit-financed government
projects are paid for by tomorrow’s citizens-taxpayers too often lose
sight of a real burden that deficit financing does often impose on today’s citizens-taxpayers. This burden is excessive growth of government that harms the current generation.
When Buchanan explained the dangers of deficit financing, he almost
always assumed that all members of the current generation are united in
their interests to live at the expense of future generations, and that
the current generation pursues those interests knowledgeably. For
example, the current generation of citizens-taxpayers might unanimously
welcome a $50 billion increase in defense spending if it is
paid for with borrowed funds – that is, paid for by future generations –
but not if this spending must be financed out of current tax receipts.
Because deficit financing is possible, however, the government uses this
method of financing to expand the defense budget by $50 billion.
Today’s citizens-taxpayers purchase, and enjoy, an excessive amount of
national defense only because they get to pass the bill onto their
children and grandchildren. In this example, deficit financing imposes
no burdens on anyone in the current generation.
But examples such as this one mask an important feature of reality.
Because today’s citizens-taxpayers are quite diverse in their interests,
preferences, understandings, and economic positions, government
projects undertaken today and funded with debt can impose real burdens
on at least some of today’s citizens-taxpayers. This conclusion
holds even though it remains true that the full burden of paying for
such projects falls only on tomorrow’s citizens-taxpayers.
Suppose, for example, that a majority of today’s citizens-taxpayers
in America conclude that it’s a good idea to nationalize the steel
industry. Further suppose that a Supreme Court ruling prohibits
government from simply seizing steel mills; the Court rules that if
government wants to acquire steel mills it must pay market prices for
these firms. Finally suppose that upon learning that the market price is
$500 billion, Americans today are unwilling to have their taxes raised
by this amount for this purpose. If deficit financing were unavailable,
the steel industry would remain in private hands.
Deficit financing, however, is available. By borrowing the
$500 billion to purchase steel firms, government enables that subset of
Americans who support nationalization of the steel industry to achieve
their policy goal without having to pay for it. The entire $500 billion
will be repaid in the future by citizens-taxpayers not yet born.
But there is nevertheless a burden that emerges in the current period
from this deficit-financed policy move – namely, the inefficiencies
that immediately arise from the nationalization. The amount of resources
consumed to produce each ton of steel rises inefficiently because
government bureaucrats have fewer incentives than do private owners to
ensure that mills operate efficiently. The costs of this excessive
consumption of resources by government-owned steel mills ripple
throughout the economy in the form of diminished outputs and higher
prices of countless other goods and services.
In this example, nearly all Americans – and even some
non-Americans – today suffer an immediate (and ongoing) burden as a
consequence of this deficit-financed policy. Some Americans who are so
ideologically enamored with the notion of industry nationalization might
be content to bear this burden, while many other Americans might remain
unaware that the higher prices they experience throughout the economy
are a direct result of the nationalization. But the fact remains that,
in this example, deficit financing imposes a real burden on the current
generation despite the fact that full responsibility for repaying the
loan falls only on future generations.
This example of a nationalized steel industry is, of course,
hypothetical. But its lessons apply in the real world. For instance, to
the extent that government subsidies of farmers and of aircraft
producers are funded with borrowed money, similar burdens are created
immediately: Resources are diverted from efficient to inefficient uses,
causing even today’s citizens-taxpayers to suffer as a result of
deficit-financed government programs.
Deficit financing – by enabling people today to free-ride on people
tomorrow – allows government to expand its size and reach beyond that
which would be obtained if government were required to fund all of its
current expenses out of current revenues, with no opportunity for
deficit financing. In short, deficit financing paves a path for the
unwarranted and wasteful expansion of government activity. Only someone
who is convinced that government will undertake only economically
worthwhile projects regardless of the means of financing – or someone
who doesn’t understand economics – can look favorably upon deficit
financing by government.
Donald J. Boudreaux is a senior fellow
with American Institute for Economic Research and with the F.A. Hayek
Program for Advanced Study in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the
Mercatus Center at George Mason University; a Mercatus Center Board
Member; and a professor of economics and former economics-department
chair at George Mason University. He is the author of the books The Essential Hayek, Globalization, Hypocrites and Half-Wits, and his articles appear in such publications as the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, US News & World Report as well as numerous scholarly journals. He writes a blog called Cafe Hayek and a regular column on economics for the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Boudreaux earned a PhD in economics from Auburn University and a law degree from the University of Virginia.
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