Here’s a question
for our Dispatch readers: When is a GMO not a GMO? A proper science answer
would go something like this: all agriculture (and really all life) has been
genetically modified at some point either by humans or another species (e.g.
bacteria or virus) so therefore everything is a GMO.
However, the world
is not run through proper science, it’s run through politics and “concerns,”
and this makes having a legal definition of GMOs difficult. Here in America, if
a gene could have been introduced into a plant in nature, it can still be
considered “organic” even if the process of getting that gene into the plant is
highly scientific. A number of products that you are eating (and ironically
they can be called organic) are created by a method that would horrify you—far
more than what may concern you about GMOs.
ACSH’s Dr. Josh
Bloom explains: “New breeds or strains of… everything are created when DNA is
altered sufficiently to create something with different properties. Prior to GM
technology here is how if was often done: Seeds were subjected to carcinogenic
chemicals, such as ethyl methanesulfonate—a chemical that puts the fear of god
into chemists who need to use it in the lab.”
He continues,
“Carcinogens work by damaging (and thus changing) DNA so that it no longer
functions as it is “supposed to.” This may be be very bad for humans, but it
accomplishes exactly what it is supposed to accomplish with the seeds. Mutated
DNA gives rise to new species.”
If that sounds bad,
the other method probably sounds worse. Dr. Bloom explains, “Another way to
damage DNA is by exposing it to nuclear radiation. Just like with the chemical
method, it has been used since the 1930s. You have most likely eaten products
created by these “natural techniques.” The list of crops created in these ways
is extensive: grapefruits, oranges, apples, cherries, pears,
grapes. Are they dangerous? No — once the new seeds have been manufactured,
there is not one bit of chemical or radiation present.”
ACSH’s Nicholas
Staropoli says, “Given what you just read, does the GM process, which
accomplishes the same thing, although more precisely and faster, sound so bad?”
It all boils down
to this: plants created through the process of mutagenesis are considered
non-GMO because the changes to the organism’s DNA are endogenous. However,
using precision technology to introduce an exogenous gene from another plant
mysteriously turns it into a GMO. Does this make sense to anyone?
It is this loose,
inconsistent, and arbitrary definition that some researchers now want to
exploit when making new genetically engineered crops — and thereby avoiding the
fraught term GMO. Scientists working at the University of Copenhagen argue
that, by the American definition, if they used CRISPR (a new and highly
specific gene editing technique) to add previously-lost “ancestral” traits back
into the modern version of the plant, it should not be labeled a GMO. In fact
they have their own name for the product: rewilding. They even want to
give the process a fancy name: precision breeding.
Dr. Bloom calls the
use of this terminology: “Precision Bull####.”
Here’s one example,
the current crop of rice plants that are grown in Southeast Asia were improved
through this technique. An ancestral rice plant was found in the wild that had
poor crop yields but was incredibly tolerant to flooding. Through the long,
inaccurate and tedious process of cross breeding the current crops acquired the
genes for the flood tolerance from the ancestral line.
The researchers
argue that precision breeding does not qualify as a GMO under the American
standard: since the gene was in the plant’s genome in the wild at some point,
reintroducing it (by whatever means) might still be compatible with the rather
arbitrary definition of “organic.”
In the future
precision breeding could be a useful tool to “rewild” wheat, which is unsuitable
for selective breeding because it has 3 genomes. Precision breeding could be
used to remove genes from all three genomes that make the plant susceptible to
the highly-destructive fungal infestation, wheat rust.
However, this sort
of rebranding for GMOs does not sit well with people on both sides of the GMO
aisle. Brise Tencer, the executive director of the Organic Farming Research
Foundation in Santa Cruz, California says “They take a term that sounds really
wonderful, but genetic engineering is genetic engineering is genetic
engineering.”
ACSH’s Dr. Gil Ross
had this comment: “Listen, I get the perceived need to win the public’s
acceptance of GMO technology as used in agriculture. It’s sad that this is
thought to be necessary to convince consumers that the products of
biotechnology — ‘GMO food’ — are equivalent in safety and nutrition to
traditionally-grown crops in the lab and the field, and the empirical
observations over the past 20 years confirm that. But this approach of
‘rewilding’ is a bunch of semantic malarkey as far as I’m concerned, a flight
from science that will not convince anyone. Clearly, there is no need from a
health or science point of view to squeeze such products into a ‘non-GMO’ or
‘organic’ pigeonhole, and from the POV of the know-nothing or corrupt anti-GMO
crowd, I doubt it will pass their smell test either, for what that’s worth.
These people have an agenda that has nothing to do with logic, so balancing
semantic angels on pinheads will not suffice for them. Nor for me either, albeit
for entirely different reasons.”
And Dr. Bloom
equates this nonsense with automobiles: “The Model T Ford—the first ‘real’
car—is a car. So is a Prius. Should we put warning labels on the Prius? It is
quite different and is made using modern technology. Call it a Genetically
Modified Ottomobile (a GMO?).”